Sexism and Misogyny

Lawful Drinking Age Essay Individuals have consistently needed what they can't have. Beginning in 1984, this is the mentality most legislators in America have taken regarding underage drinking, since it was when numerous states changed their drinking age from eighteen to twenty-one. Officials imagined that on the off chance that you raised the drinking age, individuals could drink all the more dependably, on the grounds that as you become more established, your cerebrum develops and with development comes duty. In spite of the fact that this law, passed not so much as twenty years prior, was made for the wellbeing of youthful grown-ups, individuals presently are contending to have the law come back to the age of eighteen. Numerous understudies, educators and instructors have a great deal to state about this theme. From John McCardell, previous head of Middlebury College, to the Mother’s Against Drunk Driving Association, individuals have various perspectives on the duty that youthful grown-ups take with regards to liquor. A few people, who see that you ought to have the option to drink when you are a lawful grown-up, gather measurements about auto crashes, passings identified with liquor utilization, and hard-core boozing. Other people who restrict this adjustment in age gather comparable information however there is a curve on the data that they get. When settling on choices about laws, individuals need to think about every conceivable circumstance. Since not just administrators have association in this issue, they need to consider each and every individual who will be influenced, regardless of whether it is individuals from the age of twenty-one or more established or eighteen or more seasoned. In changing the base lawful drinking age to eighteen, the legislators would concede grown-ups with the perfect of equity. Since they are grown-ups, they would be given equivalent thought and be dealt with absolutely as grown-ups. Additionally, having confidence in these youthful grown-ups awards them with obligation, compelling them to grow up more rapidly while still in their late adolescent years. By giving them duty, you need to consider the commitment of non-malficience, which is abstaining from doing injury to other people. In the event that a youthful grown-up got into a fender bender while affected by liquor, it would be that perso n’s issue alongside the entirety of the liquor they legitimately expended. While concluding whether to bring down the base legitimate drinking age, you need to consider that you don't have authority over individuals. Imparting confidence in our childhood, we need to believe that they will settle on savvy choices. John McCardell, previous leader of Middlebury College, contends that if the MLDA was brought down to eighteen, that eighteen to twenty years olds could possibly drink on the off chance that they finished forty-two hours of guidance of the history, science, brain research and human science of liquor. This class would likewise train the threats of liquor and what dangers there are on the off chance that somebody drank an exceedingly high measure of liquor. On the off chance that an individual eighteen or more seasoned took this class, they would gain an uncommon permit that would permit them to buy and devour liquor. Battling against McCardell, the Mother’s Against Drunk Driving Association says that â€Å"the sooner youth drink, the almost certain they are to become liquor subordinate and to drive drunk† One approach to control this is have this program likewise remember sitting for on various Alcoholic Anonymous gatherings. When choosing, administrators need to consider the standards of development, potential, obligation, reasonableness and judiciousness. Abigail Baird, Assistant Professor of Physiological and Brain Sciences at Dartmouth College, contemplated nineteen minds of eighteen-year-old understudies. These understudies moved 100 miles to attend a university and lived without their families. The control to this examination was a gathering of seventeen quarter century olds. Educator Baird reached the resolution that the quarter century old cerebrum was increasingly full grown, particularly in the locales of the mind known to incorporate feeling and perception, the regions that take data from our present body state and apply it for use in exploring the world. Development can go however. It is demonstrated that cerebrums develop at various occasions. Despite the fact that there isn't a test we can provide for decide the development of somebody, legislators need to impart trust and expectation in youthful grown-ups. The perfect of potential and reasonability fit in with the way that legislators can not without any assistance choose who is sufficiently experienced to legitimately devour liquor at eighteen years old. With progressively created cerebrums at twenty-one, the hazard for alcoholic driving and settling on poor choices while impaired are lower. As per the Mother’s Against Drunk Driving Association, the MADD, an expected twenty-3,000 lives have been spared from the raised period of drinking since it the law was passed in 1984. In spite of the fact that it has spared lives, McCardell says that â€Å"(raising the drinking age to twenty-one) constrained liquor utilization behind the shut entryways of dormitories and organization storm cellars. Continuously unaided, done covertly and over and over again inordinate, this style of drinking has no uncertainty been duty regarding the disturbing ascent in paces of alleged ‘binge’ drinking seen at colleges† Looking further into McCardell’s explanation, TIME magazine says that information doesn't show that hitting the bottle hard has deteriorated since states raised their drinking age. John Schulenberg of the University of Michigan and Jennifer Maggs of Penn State say, â€Å"During the previous two decades, in spite of numerous social, segment, political and financial changes†¦rates of incessant overwhelming drinking among those ages nineteen to twenty-two have moved little.† Having the perfect of judiciousness, administrators need to mull over insights. They need to pick the alternative of letting immature, multi year old personalities be permitted to devour and buy liquor, or to keep the law at twenty-one and break the goals of equity and decency. Having the legitimate drinking age of twenty-one varieties affront for law by having such huge numbers of individuals break it, underestimates the job of instructing about liquor use and stoops the time of greater part. At the point when you turn eighteen in the United States, you can cast a ballot, enroll and battle in wars, sign agreements, wed, own organizations, serve in a jury and numerous different things. In most different societies, liquor utilization legitimately starts when you become a lawful grown-up. As per the Institute of Medicine, 90% of liquor devoured by eighteen to twenty years-olds is expended when the individual is associated with substantial drinking. Having the lawful drinking age of twenty-one powers youthful grown-up and young drinking away from plain view with no oversight. This power originates from peer weight, media and watching what individuals more established than them do. Young people are pulled in to the rush, making them drink to an ever increasing extent. The outcomes of hard-core boozing are terrifying and now and then lethal. The utilization of liquor by underage Americans is normal. At the point when youngsters expend liquor, the way that they are accomplishing something illicit doesn't enter their thoughts. Since the law disallows youthful grown-ups from participating in a movement that normally mark adulthood, it empowers infringement and irreverence of the law. As indicated by Public Health Reports, two in each one thousand occasions of underage savoring results captures. As indicated by the Journal of American College Health, youthful grown-ups who decide to unlawfully drink are drinking foolishly. This over the top utilization has brought about hitting the bottle hard, putting youngsters at more serious danger of liquor harming, attack, sexual maltreatment, vandalism and liquor related fatalities. During the Prohibition in 1920, the way of life was home brew, speakeasies and rumrunners. Over the most recent ten years, these demonstrations host been reflected however with barrel gatherings, lager pong and flip cup. Having the lawful drinking age stay at the age of twenty-one keeps youths from accessing liquor, spares lives by forestalling liquor related traffic fatalities from ages eighteen to twenty and shields pre-adult and youthful grown-up minds from the negative results of liquor. The outcomes from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey say that early commencement to liquor prompts long haul liquor issues. With the law set at twenty-one, it keeps liquor from getting under the control of the more youthful populace by making it unlawful to devour, buy and have liquor. Numerous secondary school understudies are shielded from this conceivable harm in light of the fact that their eighteen-year-old companions can't accepting liquor for them. As indicated by the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, individuals that drink in their juvenile years are bound to have liquor misuse gives later in their life. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration says that that the quantity of alcoholic driving fatalities among eighteen to twenty one year olds has diminished by thirteen percent since the time the law has been raised to twenty-one. That decay in the course of the last more than two decades is from many components, including more secure vehicles, expanded open consciousness of the peril of alcoholic driving, obligatory safety belt laws, lower BAC limits and the utilization of assigned drivers, which is a term that didn't exist before the drinking age was brought up in 1984. Additionally, the youthful cerebrum is influenced distinctively by liquor than the mind of a twenty-one year old. Having the drinking age of twenty-one will prompt a more advantageous populace by not permitting teenagers to get it. The American Journal of Psychiatry examined cerebrums of youthful teenagers with liquor misuse issue and the minds of non-drinking peers. The investigation demonstrated that the cerebrums of youthful young people with liquor misuse issue show lower paces of action during memory assignments and less created mind structures than in their non-drinking peers. On the off chance that the lawful drinking age stays as it is presently, America’s youth will be increasingly ensured. A substitute answer for bringing down the age to eighteen and keeping the age at twenty-one is to just permit eighteen-year-olds

Free Essays on Students Rights

wisely on the grounds that I was recording her, expressed that she purchases what she can with her spending plan for what understudies she has. She only grinned and shook her head at a portion of the more dangerous inquiries, for example, what do you need innovation astute to make life simpler for these understudies. She more likely than not believed that I was an analytical journalist attempting to discover the scoop on how far away the center school is from being up to code. I posed indistinguishable inquiries to her from I did her Adaptive Physical Education accomplice Mr. Adams. He was ready to talk about any things that concerned him and what he loved about the school area. I surmise you coul... Free Essays on Students Rights Free Essays on Students Rights Understudies Rights The segment or segments of the book that I decided to right my report and give my oral report on where the students’ rights. I tuned in to the various introductions and really felt that every understudy secured their material however neglected to give a viewpoint on the student’s rights in each circumstance. The entirety of my cohorts took a gander at the teacher’s point of view instead of see it from a student’s eye. I can envision that it is simpler to discover data on each inability in our book from the teacher’s vantage point as opposed to the understudies. Every part talks about the indications and the expert approaches to manage them, yet causes no notice of what these understudies to feel ought to be finished. I really got an opportunity to visit with a few understudies and educators about their contemplations on what innovations or administrations are utilized the most and which ones are required the most. I discovered from Mrs. Palmquist that there is a clear lack in financing for these offices. Mrs. Palmquist is a specialized curriculum educator here at Huron Middle School. She has two understudies and one guide under her watch. Alongside these three individuals she has an associate who spends significant time in Adaptive Physical Education, who assists during her understudies typical P.E hour. Mrs. Palmquist, while picking her words admirably in light of the fact that I was recording her, expressed that she purchases what she can with her spending plan for what understudies she has. She just grinned and shook her head at a portion of the more dangerous inquiries, for example, what do you need innovation shrewd to make life simpler for these understudies. She more likely than not imagined that I was an analytical columnist attempting to discover the scoop on how far away the center school is from being up to code. I posed indistinguishable inquiries to her from I did her Adaptive Physical Education accomplice Mr. Adams. He was ready to talk about all things that concerned h im and what he preferred about the school area. I surmise you coul...

Book Riots Deals of the Day for March 1st, 2019

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Five Functions That Are Carried Out By Communities

According to Roland Warren, there are five functions that are carried out by communities. The five functions are production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, socialization, social control, social participation, and mutual support. The production of distribution, and consumption of goods and services meets the needs of the individuals in the community, such as food, clothing, shelter, employment, transportation, medical care, and recreation. In Colfax, there are formal and informal ways of meetings these needs. The individuals in the community can only shop at two locations to meet the needs of clothing. There is the Family Dollar Store and the Dollar General that sells clothing. Most individuals go out of town to purchase clothing, though at least twenty to thirty miles away. For those families that are less fortunate and need assistance with clothing the members of the families and community give to them. It is not uncommon to find families, friends, and neighbo rs issuing hand me downs to others in the community. During the fall and the winter churches and the local school donates clothing to the children and families in need. Another common informal system is garage sales. Buying clothing and goods from garage sales are common to this small community. There is a grocery store, two local fast food restaurants, and gas stations that are utilized for food in the community. At the community center once a month the elderly population is able to receive aShow MoreRelatedThe Religion of Sikhism790 Words   |  3 Pages Sikhism is the youngest of the world’s five great monotheistic religions. In 1801, the Sikh state was founded in Northern India by Maharaja Ranjit Singh based on the teachings of Guru Nanak, who is also the founder. The teachings of Sikhism are summed up by Guru Nanak in these words: â€Å"Realization of truth is higher than all else. Higher still is truthful living† (Teece). Sikhs have a variety of teachings in th eir culture and religion, but the ones I found emphasized the principles of equality ofRead MoreImplementing the Five Functions of Management Essay1354 Words   |  6 PagesImplementing the five functions of Management Margaret E. Bridges MGT 330 Thomas Kook 12/19/2011 The five functions of management practices are planning, leading, organizing, staffing and controlling. These functions are essential to forming a successful company with high revenues. Working in the healthcare field I have found that these functions are important to running a successful company. My current employer sets standards to follow and takes corrective action to ensure allRead MorePolice Officers Vs. Roman Empire1005 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Police officers are required to maintain law and are bound by law themselves. Police functions are about the objective of the police; not what they do. Police provide assistance to the public 24 hours a day 7 days a week. For most people, just knowing that there are police officers driving or walking around it usually makes them feel more secure. Police officers tend to be a positive role model. History One of the earliest known methods of policing was called kin policing;Read MoreEssay about The Muscular System1240 Words   |  5 Pagesmiddle ear as large like in the muscles of the thigh (Martini, 2000). The three individual muscle types also serve five main functions. The five basic functions are movement, organ protection, pumping blood, aiding digestion, and ensuring blood flow. The first basic function of the muscular system is movement, which is carried out by the skeletal muscles. The primary function of the skeletal muscle is to produce voluntary gross and fine motor movement. This set of voluntary muscles providesRead MoreReview Of Movie Star Wars 1472 Words   |  6 Pagescomposed of five different concepts, each of which being composed by five different elements; and these five concepts are intended to serve purpose as they relate to each other. The five concepts are as follows: the Five Practices, the Five Tenets, the Five Traits, the Five Truths, and the Five Misconceptions. Kevin Trout, a teacher within the Jedi community and the creator of the Jedi Circle, states that a Jedi â€Å"walks the circle† when â€Å"he lives the Five Practices which enforce the Five Tenets, whichRead MoreOrem s Self Care Model937 Words   |  4 Pagesinitiate and perform on their own behalf to maintain life, health, and well-being† (Cat alano, 2015, p. 58). Since individuals function at varying levels, Orem has identified three levels of nursing care: wholly compensated care, partially compensated care, and supportive developmental care. This theories goal is to help each individual reach his or her maximum level of function and to take responsibility for his or her health (Catalano, 2015). Self-reliance is also core value in my own personal lifeRead MoreWhat Are The Five Types Of Organisations1715 Words   |  7 Pagesauthority to carry out different tasks. Organizations are open systems--they affect and are affected by their environment. This brings up the (5) five common features of the organisations: 1. They are composed of individuals and groups of individuals 2. They are oriented towards achieving collective goals 3. They consist of different functions 4. The functions need to be coordinated 5. They exist independently of individual members who may come and go. To support these five common features, MintzbergRead MoreEssay on Depression Inventory for the Elderly (Die)997 Words   |  4 PagesIzal, 1996). 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And the community of Sikhs is called the PanthRead MoreBoston Is The Massachusetts, Capital, And The Largest City Essay951 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscovered that, the Tsarnaevs, spent part of their childhood in the former Soviet republic of Kyrgyzstan then moved to the United States for about ten years prior to the time they carried out such heinous attack (bombing) that turned celebration into the bloody scene of destruction. The attack was well planned and carried out by the two brothers (History.com, 2014). Current Measures to Prevent WMD Terror Attacks in Boston Weapon of mass destruction such as nuclear, chemical, and biological weapon posed

Digital Diversity Essay - 1294 Words

Digital Diversity Does the international scope of the Internet entail an end to the cultural and historical diversity of style in composition? In the past several decades, technology has led to a giant connected network of computers. This new Internet (and mainly the World Wide Web) has become a new communication and information exchange tool. All data that used to be transmitted by voice, paper, radio, television, or other mass media device can now be done so digitally, and these messages can be personal as well as broad-scoped. Throughout the ages, the style of messages being delivered has reflected upon the culture and history of their origin. Although the Internet reaches most places in the world, it will not homogenize the†¦show more content†¦The idea that English is the primary language behind the inner workings of the Internet leads some people to mistakenly believe it will dominate the global communications world. However, this is far from the case. The actual protocols and scripts making the digital world possible have very little English in them. An example of commonly used PERL code is shown below. # Read in text if (MethGet) { $in = $ENV{QUERY_STRING}; } elsif (MethPost) { read(STDIN,$in,$ENV{CONTENT_LENGTH}); } @in = split(/[;]/,$in); Most of the English words in the code can be replaced by whatever the programmer chooses. In this case, those are â€Å"#Read in text†, â€Å"QUERY_STRING†, and â€Å"CONTENT_LENGTH†, and could have been written in any language. Everything else is very terse and shorthand and really does not force the English language upon foreign programmers in any way. Even people brought up speaking English still have to learn the new commands and syntax. However, these new â€Å"languages† will not help bring out any sort of universal language like Esperanto tried to do in the early twentieth century. With more and more programs designed to help a normal user avoid this computer code interaction, few people will actually have to learn and understand the various computer languages. People will be free to create their web pages in whatever design and language they choose. Currently web pages exist in over 75Show MoreRelatedThe Digital Of Digital Forensics1586 Words   |  7 Pagesadvances in digital technology, the scope of digital crimes has also increased multi-fold. Digital forensics is a science, which involves collection, preservation and documentation of the digital evidence from various digital storage media. This entire process must be undertaken in fashion that is appropriate forensically, and results in collection of data, which can be made admissible in a court of law during the investigation of a crime. 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This new society, in which we are currently living, has created a new workforce that is based on its diversity that can greatly help with any business development and growth. In business, diversity brings opportunities to grow, expand and reach out to other markets by utilizing the values, ideas and the diverse skills that people from many different backgrounds have to offer.Read MoreThe Takeover: New Media’s Role on Civic Engagement2292 Words   |  10 Pageslooked at as a way to create new networked forms of communication with new demographic political culture (Banaji Buckingham). New media has given society a variety of mediums such as Internet and mobile medias which have promoted digital immigrant learning, a digital economy, the occupy movement, and increased citizen’s participatory roles in civic opportunities. The World Wide Web, also known as the Internet, marked the beginning of the new media frenzy that has taken over our world. 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Use Office Equipment Free Essays

There are many different variations of equipment in my work area. One of these include the fax machine, this is mainly used for sending documents instantly to another fax machine through a standard telephone line. Most fax machines can also be used to make copies of documents and some can also be used as a computer, printer and scanner. We will write a custom essay sample on Use Office Equipment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Within my office the other types of office equipment are, telephone, printer, computer, laminator and photocopier. The features of the fax machine include speed; fax machines can transit a documents data at various rates of speed. This ranges from 4,800 bps to 28,800 bps. It takes a 9,600 bps machine about 10 to 20 seconds to send one page. It also includes a printer. Early fax machines generally used direct thermal printers, but over the past ten years inkjet printers have also become popular. Colour fax machines can only transmit to machines that are made by the same manufacturer. If the fax machine uses rolls of thermal paper it should come with a paper cutter. Most models come with some form of paper feed so you can transmit multiple page documents without having to feed each page into the machine one by one. Also most fax machines come with a wide variety of dialling features. Some of them let you send the fax at a specific time of the day when the telephone rates are lower. There are many other time saving and easy to use features on fax machines such as redialling, caller ID, speed dial, contrast settings, distinctive ringing, fax forwarding, size reduction and resolution settings. I just use this to fax patient’s information to their local doctors and just do a copy of something that doesn’t need to be copied by a big industrial photocopier. The computers have lots of important features. A lot of confidential information and documents are kept safe in protected electronic files on the computer such as PAS (patient attendance system). We also have intranet, which I mostly use to access email and employee online. The computers have a mouse and a keyboard; they also have a card slot, which you can use to put a Smartcard in. In my line of work I do not use this, it is generally used by admin staff that need to access patient information. We also have an electronic time sheet on the intranet on which I can request annual leave and put my hours a day in. Microsoft Word is also on the computers, which I use to type up references/application forms usually but I also use Microsoft word in training for my NVQ course work. There is also a printer, which I just use to print off application letters and reference forms mostly. The printer is in the office where I work, me and my supervisor have a printer each so we can both print different documents at the same time. One of the features includes picking up the telephone when it rings, or my supervisor isn’t available usually on the phone it is a voluntary enquiry or a present volunteer phoning to let us know if they can’t make a shift etc. Also other members of staff ring. To make an external call I press 9 then I dial the number, internal calls are simpler all I need to do is dial the number. A scanner is an input device that scans documents such as photographs and pages of text. When a document is scanned, it is converted into digital format. This creates an electronic version of the document that can be viewed and edited on a computer. In my job I don’t use a scanner, I use a photocopier instead because I find them much easier to use and it is closer to the voluntary services office. Different types of equipment are chosen for different tasks to make tasks easier and more efficient. For example, the big industrial photocopier is an essential piece of equipment and very practical. This is located in the photo copying room on the first floor next to the general office. If the photocopier breaks down I get a member of staff from the general office to come and see if they can fix it. If not they ring the photocopying company and someone comes to fix it. It is important to follow manufacturers instructions for your own safety and protect your product or purchase. Some instructions are in warning form while others are on how to use the product. Warning instructions are like ‘do not place in contact with fire’ this is because the product is flammable and not following this instruction can cause an explosion resulting to injuries. Manufacturers include instructions in their products having consumer safety in mind. Not following instructions can have devastating consequences. An individual may also lose valid information especially if dealing with complex products such as computers. For example, if I was to use the photocopier and it had black smears all over the page, I would follow the photocopiers instructions step by step. After doing this, if the problem still occurred I would go to the general office and explain to them the problem I am having. If a member of staff in the general office cannot solve the problem, then they would contact someone who could fix the problem. The purpose of following organisational instructions when using equipment can be to give a good and positive image. For example, the organisational instruction when answering a telephone is to say ‘Voluntary Services’ in a kind manner, it is important to make the caller feel comfortable. It is also important to use organisational procedures such as the photocopier as it ensures me that I won’t damage or cause any faults with the equipment. If a fault does occur, I know that it is something to do with the equipment and it isn’t anything that I’ve done. Also, by following the basic guidance I will not do anything that may harm me or others around and the equipment will last longer. There are many different types of procedures for different kinds of equipment. You must learn the procedures of your specific location and equipment by reading instructions, attending a training class if needed, or receiving instructions from your supervisor or another designated person. Some health and safety procedures when using equipment include things such as do not have ant liquids near any electrical equipment as this could cause people to be electrocuted and this could cause the equipment to blow up. Other health and safety procedures include turning off all the equipment off at the main switch so that the equipment doesn’t overheat over night. In the coffee shops, we have to make sure we all do this to reduce the risk of fires. The purpose of following health and safety procedures when using equipment is to avoid injury or in some cases death, it is necessary to follow all applicable health and safety procedures when using any sort of equipment. Some of the points when you follow the correct procedures include; To stay healthy and safe To prevent or at least limit harm to humans To protect equipment and facilities To get the most accurate results from the equipment To extend the life of the researches and the equipment. When using equipment it is important to maintain it and keep it clean to prolong the life of the machine and for you to get the most out of it. Cleaning your equipment after use can lead to less problems and increased efficiency. It is also courteous to clean something after you have used it to make it ready for the next user. Regularly cleaning the equipment can mean that it will last longer and save you money as well as producing a higher quality result. For example, if you did not clean a photocopier glass then you could end up with smear marks all over your work. An example of waste when using equipment in the office is when most employees will leave the computer on standby all night. However, even though it is on standby it is still using electricity and this is waste and they can easily just shut it down. Other examples of waste when using equipment include; Pieces of paper being printed incorrectly Bits of paper that have been cut with the guillotine Old documents that are not needed anymore Ink cartridges and toners One of the best ways to reduce waste in the workplace is to reduce the amount of waste that is generated to begin with. The paper that has incorrect printings on them should always be recycled, we also photocopy double sided which doesn’t use as much paper which means if something is copied incorrectly not as much waste is produced. Waste in the workplace implies that something is discarded that has a cost to it, for example, office supplied, food etc. Because these items cost money, by minimizing waste, you are minimizing expenses. We reuse folders and envelopes if we can so then we won’t have to buy them as often which would save money. Some examples of office equipment problems include; Paper jams Electrical faults Ink cartridge/ toner failure Computer lead fault Faulty telephone line Button jam These may occur with photocopiers, printers, fax machines, computers, telephones and scanners. The purpose of following manufacturer’s instructions and organisational procedures when dealing with problems with equipment is so that I ensure that I am not making the problem worse and to make sure that I also don’t damage the equipment by trying to fix the problem myself. I also follow manufacturer’s instructions to make sure that I don’t create any further problems in the future. By making sure that I follow instructions and procedures correctly, I know that the equipment should perform at its best when I have finished dealing with the problem and the equipment is working again. If I have a problem with any piece of equipment such as the computer when I’ve switched it on as normal the most common problem is when it tells me to strike ‘F1’ which as happened to me many of times before windows loads up correctly and still happens, when I do strike F1 the computer loads fine though. The purpose of meeting work standards and deadlines when using equipment saves money, cuts cost and saves time. Also it is to ensure that I don’t waste or delay other peoples working time by taking a large amount of time with equipment. The importance of meeting deadlines has far reaching consequences in organisations; it also shows that I am competent and reliable when using office equipment. When I know that I will be using the photocopier for a long time I let my supervisor know so he can see if there is anything else needed copying, doing this will save making two trips and will not waste any time. If someone needed to photocopy something urgently, then I would let them go in front of me before I start to do my task that I have been set to do. The purpose of leaving equipment and the work area for the next user is to make sure that the documents do not get mixed up as they could be confidential information written in the documents. An example of this would be if I accidently left some documents around the photocopier that no one should have access to and one of my colleagues prints a lot of documents off too, they may get mixed up and picked up by mistake. It is also really unfair to leave working areas and equipment untidy on other colleagues as I would be leaving them to tidy up my mess that wasn’t mine, which could result in wasting other people’s time. For example, if the photocopier had ran out of paper after I’d finished with it and I opened a new bag of paper and left the empty bag, someone else would have to dispose of this. The purpose of leaving work areas tidy is also for the health and safety of me and others; leaving things on the floor or not placing things back in their correct places may result in injury if someone slips or trips and falls on someone etc. Depending on what the task is to be done, I would choose the equipment appropriate for the task. If I was asked to organise the rotas out for the following week I would need to use the telephone to get in contact with volunteers to see who would be available and willing to come in to do a shift. If you don’t follow manufacture’s and organisational guidelines while using equipment, whatever guarantees or warranties will become null and void, and if you damage the equipment you will have to replace it out of your own pocket. Following organisational guidelines when using equipment is for the employees health and safety and to know what to do in certain situations. One of the best ways to reduce waste in the workplace is to reduce the waste generated in the first place. Regular maintenance of equipment helps minimise wastes since it makes the machine last for long. Preventive maintenance keeps the machines in good working order and eliminates the chances of throwing a way parts every now and then. When it comes to using and printing paper, use scrap pieces of paper rather than post it notes and print double sided to save more paper when printing. It is important to maintain your equipment and keep it clean to prolong the life of the machine and for you to get the most use out of it. Cleaning your equipment after use can lead to less problems and increased efficiency. It is also courteous to clean something after you have used it to make it ready for the next user. Regularly cleaning equipment can mean that it will last you longer and save you money as well as producing a higher quality result. For example if you did not clean a photocopier glass then you could end up with smear marks on your work. When dealing with equipment problems, you need to take the correct action to fix the problem as quickly and safely as possible. If you follow manufacturer’s instructions then this will show you the best way to solve a problem and when the problem should be dealt with by a technician. If you do not follow these then you could cause more harm than good and further damage to the equipment. If you have been found to do this then it might invalidate your warranty and you will have to pay for a replacement. Organisational procedures are there to protect the health and safety of all workers and make sure that the problems are dealt with by the appropriate person. If you do not follow these then you could hurt yourself or others and get into trouble at work. Both these procedures are put in place to keep you safe and to solve problems quickly and effectively. If there were any problems required that i couldn’t solve myself, I would go to my supervisor for help. You would also then phone IT on the 4 digit extension number if it was something to do with the computer or fax machine. If it was the telephone or any other equipment then you would phone Estates on the 4 digit extension number and they would come out as soon as they could to deal with the problem. I make sure that all the final products meets and agreed requirements as it shows I am to follow all instructions properly and that I listen to what I am being asked to do to ensure that I complete my work tasks to the very best of my ability. I make sure that product is delivered to the agreed timescale because if I don’t complete a task in the time I have been given by my colleague or supervisor then this could result in my colleague or supervisor not being able to complete the rest of the task that they asked me to do part of. It also shows that I am reliable and my colleagues may then be confident that they then can give me more tasks to do for them and complete the task in time for them to carry it on. I always make sure that all equipment resources and work areas are clean and tidy ready for the next user so that it makes their time more efficient and so that it doesn’t cause them to run behind with certain tasks they are set to do. How to cite Use Office Equipment, Papers

JavaScript Essay Example For Students

JavaScript Essay Within this report is information on how JavaScript is used on the Internet. This report will contain information that will help you learn about JavaScript and its uses on the Internet. It mentions what JavaScript is, where it originated and what some of its uses are. JavaScript is a loosely typed scripting language that resembles the programming language C. It is designed to be an extension to HTML and is usually included within HTML scripts. JavaScript is object-oriented and has block-structuring features. The main feature of JavaScript is that it lets you build interactive web pages. JavaScript allows you to respond to a users input in the form of text, buttons selected, or mouse clicks, and can generate a response to the users computer. JavaScript originated from within the labs of Netscape Communications Corporation in 1994. It was invented so a computing language could build web pages and applications more effectively. When it first appeared it was thought that it was a new form of C, but later turned out to be this wonderful new language called JavaScript. There were skeptics that said the language was a dud and would never catch on, but now more people are learning JavaScript then ever before. JavaScript is used within HTML tags so that the page setup in already present when the JavaScript starts to run. There are many different uses for JavaScript on the Net. It can be used to make mail forms that a customer or person trying to input information can use. The program will allow the user to input information, then it will automatically send that info to a designated email address with the click of a button. It can also be used to put a password on a certain web page; a user trying to enter the page must then input the correct commands and passwords to enter the page. Another command added to this code will make it so that if the user enters the wrong password the code will send them to a site of the scripts designers choice. JavaScript is also a popular language for making simple interactive games like bridge and peg games. These codes can provide hours of fun! JavaScript is used mainly on pages that need to allow users to enter information or choose from options on the pag e. One section of the Net that relies heavily on JavaScript is E-Commerce. JavaScript is used on the sites order forms, mail forms and questionnaires. Most sites use JavaScript for some reason most use it to get feedback from people who visit the page and some use it to make their page as interactive as possible. In conclusion the Internet with JavaScript would be like coffee without caffeine or chocolate without sugar. It would be lacking and would be an understatement. JavaScript allows webmasters to broaden their pages interaction with the users who visit the site. To make many of the programs that are easily made in JavaScript, in HTML it would take more time and more effort to get the same results. I think every Internet user will agree that without JavaScript the Internet would be colourless and boring.

Alternative Meanings for Hand and Names of Its Parts

Alternative Meanings for Hand and Names of Its Parts Alternative Meanings for â€Å"Hand† and Names of Its Parts Alternative Meanings for â€Å"Hand† and Names of Its Parts By Mark Nichol The human hand is such a quintessential element of our anatomy we wouldn’t be human without ours (specifically, without our prehensile thumbs) that we have applied the word to many literal and figurative senses other than the physiological one, as well as a wealth of idiomatic phrases (too many to list here). Here’s a discussion of alternative meanings of hand, as well as those for its parts. Hand can refer to participation or an offer of assistance, or it denotes a round of applause. It applies to a body part or a component of an object resembling a hand, and a symbol resembling a hand with an outstretched index finger is called a hand, or an index. An aspect, direction, or side is called a hand; on the other hand, the word also refers to the concept of control, possession, or supervision. One can give one’s hand as a pledge (usually, in reference to marriage), and one’s signature or handwriting is called one’s hand. The word denotes ability or skill, or interest or participation or a significant role. In card or other games, hand refers to the cards or game pieces held, to a round in a game, or to a player in a game; by figurative extension, it means â€Å"the strength of one’s position.† In the realm of a rougher game, pugilistics (boxing), or in fighting in general, hand identifies a punch. The creator or producer of a work might be acknowledged as a hand; it could also reference someone with knowledge of or skill in a specific topic, or handiwork or workmanship. The word also applies, more mundanely, to an employee or worker, especially a laborer, or a member of a ship’s crew (or the figurative equivalent). In a sense more akin to tactile connotations, hand describes the feel of a material. Finger, too, has other meanings, including something resembling a finger in shape or function, or a measurement equivalent to the general width of a finger. As a verb, it means to identify or to touch, to extend as a finger would be extended, or to play music using one’s fingers. Likewise, thumb applies to something with a thumblike appearance, and, as a verb, it means â€Å"to leaf through a book or to cause wear by doing so,† or â€Å"to hitchhike or to signal for a ride by holding out one’s thumb.† A knuckle, too, is something that looks like a joint in a bodily appendage (or, in the case of a cut of meat, is that anatomical part from livestock), including a weapon worn on the knuckles and more commonly called brass knuckles. Knuckle can also refer to a part of a hinge or to a structural component with the appearance of a knuckle. To knuckle is to press or rub with one’s knuckles. Palm extends to objects that might remind one of that part of the hand; the palm tree derives its name from resemblance of the fan-shaped leaves to a hand. A palm is also the act of palming; to palm is to conceal with one’s hand or to stealthily give or take something, or, by extension, to commit fraud. It also means to touch with one’s palm, as in the basketball violation of resting a ball in one’s hand during dribbling. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:70 "Home" Idioms and ExpressionsRules for Capitalization in TitlesFew vs. Several

Free Essays on Disney

Disneyland was a dream come true. The dreamer of this "magical little park" was Mr. Walt E. Disney. Walt wanted to create a kind of family park where kids and parents could have fun together. The original plans for the park were on 8 acres next to the Burbank studios where his employees and families could go to relax. During World War II, the ideas for the park were put on hold. But the dream kept growing. It was soon clear that 8 acres by the studio would not be enough. By the 50's it was clear that the park would need a lot of money and land. Walt and his brother Roy and a few others were the only ones that believed that this park would be a success. Walt once said, "I could never convince the financiers that Disneyland was feasible because dreams offer too little collateral." Walt decided to use television to get the idea of the Magic Kingdom into the people's houses. The show would be called "Disneyland." This brought the idea into reality for Walt and the American people. The land that now houses Disneyland used to be just 180 acres of orange groves and walnut trees. When the real designing came about, Walt was met with tough questions. How do you make believable wild animals? How do you make a Mississippi paddle ship? How exactly do you go about building a big castle in the middle of Anaheim, California? Disney looked to his movie studio staff for the answers. The design of Disneyland was something never done before. There would be five uniquely different lands. Main Street, U.S.A. was where Walt wanted to relive the typical turn of the century city Main Street. He said, "For those of us who remember the carefree time it recreates, Main Street will bring back happy memories. For younger visitors, it is an adventure in turning back the calendar to the days of grandfather's youth." Adventureland was an "exotic tropical place" in a "far-off region of the world." Walt said, "To create a land that would make this dream reality, we ... Free Essays on Disney Free Essays on Disney Disneyland was a dream come true. The dreamer of this "magical little park" was Mr. Walt E. Disney. Walt wanted to create a kind of family park where kids and parents could have fun together. The original plans for the park were on 8 acres next to the Burbank studios where his employees and families could go to relax. During World War II, the ideas for the park were put on hold. But the dream kept growing. It was soon clear that 8 acres by the studio would not be enough. By the 50's it was clear that the park would need a lot of money and land. Walt and his brother Roy and a few others were the only ones that believed that this park would be a success. Walt once said, "I could never convince the financiers that Disneyland was feasible because dreams offer too little collateral." Walt decided to use television to get the idea of the Magic Kingdom into the people's houses. The show would be called "Disneyland." This brought the idea into reality for Walt and the American people. The land that now houses Disneyland used to be just 180 acres of orange groves and walnut trees. When the real designing came about, Walt was met with tough questions. How do you make believable wild animals? How do you make a Mississippi paddle ship? How exactly do you go about building a big castle in the middle of Anaheim, California? Disney looked to his movie studio staff for the answers. The design of Disneyland was something never done before. There would be five uniquely different lands. Main Street, U.S.A. was where Walt wanted to relive the typical turn of the century city Main Street. He said, "For those of us who remember the carefree time it recreates, Main Street will bring back happy memories. For younger visitors, it is an adventure in turning back the calendar to the days of grandfather's youth." Adventureland was an "exotic tropical place" in a "far-off region of the world." Walt said, "To create a land that would make this dream reality, we ...

Read Robert C. Solomon's article It's Good Business on pg. 36 of the Essay

Read Robert C. Solomon's article It's Good Business on pg. 36 of the 11th edtion. Summarize, do you agree or disagree with Solomon's position Why or why not Give examples to support your claim - Essay Example s can work in favor of a business while providing examples of how businesses fail when they don’t work within ethics are all seen as practical, real life situations that determine the success or failure of a business. The first main point that Solomon points out is to define what ethics means within a corporation or small business. He shows that ethics is one that is needed on all levels of management and ownership and which creates a framework of success for individuals. More importantly, there is an establishment of ethics is not based on what it means to keep a job or to be a successful business person, but to instead develop a mindset that is based on how one works within a community. Solomon states that â€Å"Executives are most effective and successful when they retain their ‘real life’ view of themselves, their position, and the human world outside as well as inside the corporation. Business ethics, ultimately, is just business in its large human context† (34). This particular statement is essential as it defines what ethics means in business. Rather than thinking of it as following business policies and doing what one is told in terms of management, is the need to unde rstand the humanistic element as well as how actions will affect others. This particular point is one that is the foundation of ethics and which shows that the definition of ethics needs to be considered outside of the assumptions made by those who analyze different perspectives. An example of this definition can be seen in almost any business. A personal example is seen from a friend who works within a computer organization. The mindset in which this individual has is to please the boss and to make sure that the work is efficient and effective. The managerial staff as well as the main CEO is interested in how this will create profit for the business. Similar to Solomon’s point, this doesn’t show a term of ethical behaviors. This individual may find a problem with the

Negative Effects of a Monopoly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Negative Effects of a Monopoly - Essay Example A monopoly reduces consumers’ purchasing power through the increase in the price of services or products. Being the only provider of service or product, the company in power sets the rate at its own will. An example of that is the Pfizer Company, the maker of the Viagra pill, that charged customers a lot because no other pill could be compared to Viagra in effect. Consumers are thus forced to pay a higher price for a service or product that is not actually worth that price. Such system leads to a decline in the standard of living and wellbeing of the society. A monopoly equips the sole vendor to reduce the quality of service or product. As there is no competitor in the market, the sole provider knows that consumers have no option but to purchase the service or product even with a lower quality. The sole provider does not feel obliged to invest much in the business in terms of resources and accordingly, the end product does not measure up to the required standard of quality. A monopoly creates unemployment. As more and more businesses are driven out of the market because of the power of the sole provider, people employed in those businesses become jobless. They either have to regain skills related to another profession or somehow become part of the sole provider. Either way, these jobless people have to go through a lot of emotional, psychological, and financial problems to achieve their destination. Many people with higher skills, hence, have to work at much lower salaries than what would be justified considering their level of education and skills.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) 1. Introduction Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a procedure that requires developers to follow in order to be granted permission for a development and was first introduced in European Union (EU) in 1985 (Glasson, 1999). The guidelines and requirements of EIA come from a European Directive (85/33/EEC as amended by 97/11/EC). In this process, developer requires to compile an Environmental Statement (ES) where significant impacts and its effects on the environment as a result of a development are described including mitigation measures (Lee, 1995). However, there are weaknesses in EIA process. As a result of EIA weaknesses, Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) was introduced. SEA process was first introduced by EU Directive 2001/42/EC which environmental protection and sustainable development may be considered. It ensures that potential impact of proposed plans, policies and programmes on the environment are taking into consideration so that mitigation and communication between public and decision-makers are provided (Benson, 2003). Therefore, SEA is undertaken in the decision-making process of a development much earlier than EIA. In this section, the differences between EIA and SEA as well as the weaknesses of EIA that led the development of SEA in EU Directive in 2001 are being discussed. 2. Differences between EIA and SEA 2.1. Differences in provisions between SEA and EIA Directives Table 1: Summary of differences in action for EIA and SEA processes (Partidà ¡rio, 2000). SEA EIA Nature of action It is more strategic and contains visions and concepts in its action Actions towards the construction and operation level Assessment Involved evaluation Involved only assessment Focus More critical decision moments (decision windows) along with decision processes Only in project level Level of decision It involves policy and planning Only project level Relation to decision Facilitator Involved evaluator which often taking into consideration of administrative requirement Alternatives Broader and spatial balance of location, social and physical strategies, technologies and economics. More specific alternative in construction, operation, locations and design Scale of impacts Macroscopic involved local, regional, national and global Microscopic mainly involved local Scope of impacts Sustainability issues, economic and social issues may be more tangible than physical or ecological issues Environmental with a sustainability focus, physical or ecological issues, and also social and economic Time scale and review Long to medium term (after 5 years and then 7 years interval) Medium to short-term (after 5 years then silent continuing review). Key data sources State of the Environment Reports, Local Agenda 21, statistical data, policy and planning instruments Field work, sample analysis, statistical data Data Mainly descriptive and mixture with quantifiable More quantifiable Rigor of analysis (uncertainty) More uncertainty and less rigor Less uncertainty and more rigor Assessment benchmarks Sustainability benchmarks (criteria and objectives) Best practice and legal restrictions Public perception Vague/ distant More reactive Post-evaluation Other strategic actions and project planning Objective evidence in relation with construction and operation 2.2 Differences in procedural requirements of the EIA and SEA Directives. Table 2: Summary of the main differences between EIA and SEA Directives in procedural requirements ( Sources from : Sheate et al., 2005). STAGE SEA EIA Screening It requires consultation from the environmental authorities. Publicity: SEA does not need determination and reasons. It requires no consultation. Publicity: EIA requires determination and reasons. Environmental information/report Member States (MSs) have to ensure that sufficient quality and stronger emphasis on alternatives are provided in environmental reports (ERs). No quality control requires in EIA and only minimun information shoud be provided Consultation Involved relevant parties other than MSs such as public and autorities. Involved relevant parties other than MSs such as public and autorities and also consultation provision from Public Participation Directive. Decision-making All consultation comments and ER are to be taken into account. Consultation comments and environmental informations are included in decision-making. Info on decision More specific and detailed requirements. Information provision from Public Participation Directive are mademore specific in the requirement. Monitoring Long term monitoring required Not require monitoring 3. Weaknesses of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) 3.1. Lack of consideration of cumulative impacts EIA process is often facing difficulty in addressing cumulative impacts of a development. The significant impacts of a development especially issues on biodiversity, human health and cultural heritage are no included in their assessment (McDonald Brown 1995). For example in Scotland, several developments of wind farms proposed in close proximity have led to a very complicated EIA process (Glasson, 1999). Each developer required assessing the cumulative impact of landscape and visual application with those of neighboring projects (Benson, 2003). The planning process could face a delay due to this issue. 3.2. Insufficient public participation Public involvement has shown to be insufficient in EIA process (Gailus, 1995). In a recent research suggested that this is due to the attitude of the developer that discourages the participation of public in EIA process in the European Community. Due to lack of legislation and extensive for public involvement in Europe in the early 90s to influence the decision of a development, the general public is not aware of their rights and causes them not interested in the development involvement (Caddy, 1996). 3.3. Little monitoring and auditing process Previous study has showed that monitoring and auditing issues are still weak in EIA. Follow-up process is only performed by developers in a minority of cases (Arts and Nootebloom 1999). Monitoring process enables practioners to have better understanding for future extension, design and restoration projects (Frost, 1997). However, the river restoration process in United Kingdom (UK) was hampered by lack of monitoring process in EIA. 3.4. Inadequate consideration of alternatives The compilation of alternatives appears to be very limited in EIA report (Tesli, 2002). For example in Hungary for radioactive disposal, the report did not provide in details or rather limited in reducing the impacts of the project to the human health (Benson, 2003). It is important to include various alternatives to allow solutions being taken in a development. 3.5. The poor quality of environmental impact statements and reports The reports produced in EIA are often too complex in term of length and technical which is not easily understood by the public and decision makers (Lee, 1995). It is important for ES to be simple as it has to be made available to the public. 3.6. The timing of decisions The decision-making process in EIA project enters too late where the effects of policy and planning critical decisions are not being considered (Lee, 1995). This is due to the absence of systematic impact assessment process where the outcome of it could subsequently influence the project planning and design (Harrop Nixon 1999). 4. Conclusion There were various weaknesses have been identified in EIA process. Due to these weaknesses, SEA was developed in 2001 under EU Directive to strengthen the environmental assessment process. 5. References Arts, J. and Nootebloom, S. (1999) ‘Environmental Impact Assessment Monitoring and Auditing in: Petts, J. (ed.) Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment Volume 1, Blackwell, Oxford: 229-251 Benson, J.F. (2003) ‘What is the alternative? Impact assessment tools and sustainable planning, Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 21 (4): 261-266 Caddy, J. (1996). Working Group on Environmental Studies, European University Institute, Florence. [Online] http://www.iue.it/WGES/Iss16/caddy.htm [Accessed: 29/01/2010]. Frost, R. (1997) Planning and Environmental Impact Assessment in Practice. Chapter 7 EIA monitoring and audit in Weston, J (ed). Longman, Harlow. pp 141 175. Gailus, J. (1995). Regional Environmental Centre: Hungary. [Online] http://www.rec.org/REC/Bulletin/Bull52/PublPart.html [Accessed: 29/01/2010] Glasson, J. (1999) ‘The First 10 Years of the UK EIA System: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats, Planning Practice and Research, 14 (3): 363-375 Glasson, J. Therivel, R. and Chadwick, A. (1999) Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment, Spon Press, London Harrop, O. and Nixon, A. (1999) Environmental Impact Assessment in Practice, Routledge, London Lee, N. (1995) ‘Environmental Assessment in the European Union: a tenth anniversary, Project Appraisal, 10 (2): 77-90 McDonald, G.T. and Brown, A.L. (1995) ‘Going Beyond Environmental Impact Assessment: environmental input to planning and design, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 15: 483-495 Partidà ¡rio, M.R., 2000, Elements of an SEA framework improving the added-value of SEA, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 20: 647-663. Sheate, W. Byron, H. Dagg, S. Cooper, L (2005), The Relationship between SEA and EIA Directives: Final Report to the European Commission. Imperial College London Tesli, A. (2002). The use of EIA and SEA relative to the objective of sustainable development, Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Research (NIBR). 1. Content of an SEA report as required by EU Directive The implementation of plans and programmes (PPs) in which likely significant effects produce by the project on the environment is the key requirement in preparation of an SEA report (European Parliament and Council of the European Union, 2001). Figure 1 shows the summary of the contents required by EU Directive (2001/42/EC) in producing SEA reports. Not all projects need to perform SEA process (Barth Fuder, 2002). The diagram in Figure 2 shows a set of set of criteria for application to PPs under the EU Directive (2001/42/EC). It specifies whether SEA is required or not according to the Directive. For simplicity, the developments of the PPs and reasonable alternative options of SEA are summarized in five key stages according to the government guidance in England (URL 1). 1.1. The key five stages Stage A: Context, Baseline and Scoping (SEA Directive Annex 1) Authority needs to include indicators, objectives and background information for SEA in the plan. The decisions of the scope can be decide by the authority including consultation on the statutory environmental bodies (URL 1). Stage B:Alternatives and Assessment (SEA Directive Article 5.1) Authority need to identify reasonable alternatives and assess the effects of the project on the environment. Ways of reducing, preventing and offsets the effects have to be provided as well (URL 1). Stage C: Preparing the Environmental Report Draft plan/programme which includes the information of the effects has to be presented as a key output of SEA process (URL 1). Stage D: Consultation (SEA Directive Article 6.2 and Annex 1) The draft plan and environmental report should be ready together for consultation where a statement are made from the consultation responses in order to produce an evolving plan (URL 1). Stage E: Monitoring (SEA Directive Article 10.1) The implementation of the plan where environment effects are produced needs monitoring process. It helps to provide more baseline information for future plans (URL 1). 2. Difficulties and limitations in fulfilling these requirements Table 1: Summary of the difficulties and limitations of SEA reports as required in EU Directive. Requirements issues Difficulties and limitations Availability and access to data Environmental data is often limited and not relevant because it is not collected and stored systematically. The process of data collection requires extensive resources and using these data are difficult because different departments tend to collect different set of data. The quality of good data is lacking and this issue has been reported by Member States such as Germany and Poland (European Commission, 2009). Best example of this issue is Poland. They are facing difficulties of generating and collecting data of affected area because of the implementation of a plan/programme. The current picture of the environment has to be identified especially in large areas but they indicate that it is very problematic (European Commission, 2009). Sometimes, the coverage areas of SEA are large (including few countries and produces large amount of alternatives (URL 1). This will increase the complexity of data collection and analysis (URL 1). Public Participation The availability of the data for the public is limited. In the UK, documents and information of the plan are not required to be published on their website until ER is finalized according to the draft Regulations (Partidà ¡rio, 1996). As a result, public participation is limited as not many public will travel to the plan-makers office to view the documents at a minimum time period for consultation. It is important to set up a website to facilitate the consultation process for the public to participate (Partidà ¡rio, 1996). Else, public is unaware that inspection of these documents are available to them and no feedback can be made (Kà ¸rnà ¸v Thissen, 2000). EA at higher levels of decision making As SEA involves higher levels of decision making, the implementation policy of PPs are subject to various departments decisions (Kà ¸rnà ¸v Thissen, 2000). For example, a Local Transport Plan requires policy from Regional Spatial Strategies, Aviation and Transport White Papers and Sustainable Communities Plan and Planning Policy Statements (Brown Thà ©rivel, 2000). Due to these requirements, a complex screening process has to be performed and decisions for PPS are even more very difficult in the assessment (Brown Thà ©rivel, 2000). Deciding on the level of detail of the environmental report The details of require information in SEA reports are vary due to lack of adaptation in assessment for the level of abstraction in PPs (European Commission, 2009). According to Member States (Latvia and Germany), the possible impacts of PPs are difficult to be included in SEA reports because of less information of the right scale and level required (European Commission, 2009). Therefore, important information for long term PPs is difficult as no appropriate spatial scale of information need to be included in the report (European Commission, 2009). Development of assessment methods As there are no specific guidelines, strong methodological background and lack of exchange for best practices, developing an effective assessment is very challenging (Brown Thà ©rivel, 2000). For example in Operational Programmes objectives, high level plans in a viable assessment do not necessary show the actual physical ground effects although strategic policies are implemented European Commission, 2009). Assessment of impacts Although SEA addressing the importance of cumulative impacts, there is no standard and effective assessment methodologies are being developed (Partidà ¡rio, 1996). The significant environmental impacts of PPs are difficult to assess and the identification of these aspects are limited (Partidà ¡rio, 1996). Monitoring and enforcement (Including issues of indicators) The assessment of plans is limited because there is no sustainability and environmental criteria developed in the monitoring programme (European Commission, 2009). Therefore, monitoring indicators (local agenda 21 for instance) is being used however it is difficult for monitoring process as mentioned by Member States like France. Environmental authorities have no proper enforcement tool to ensure that monitoring programme is being performed (European Commission, 2009). For example in the UK, no quality control body is being set up by the government to monitor the efficiency of monitoring process which is a limitation for SEA (Verheem, R. Tonk, J. 2000). Institutional and legal issues The supports for SEA process are still insufficient politically (European Commission, 2009). The bureaucratic prerogatives may hinder the effectiveness of SEA performance. As SEA process is relatively new, lack of human resources especially knowledgeable authorities is a major limitation for SEA (European Commission, 2009). 3. Comparison between requirement of SEA Directive (2001/42/EC) and Sustainability Appraisal (SA). In the United Kingdom (UK), SA and SEA are required in planning system and law for Government Plans and Programmes (Smith Sheate 2001). For most Development Plan Documents (DPD) and Supplementary Planning Documents (SPD), both SA and SEA process have to be carried out and include in the Local Development Framework (LDF) in the UK (Smith Sheate 2001). SA was developed to assess the likely economic, social and environmental impacts so proposed PPs can be implemented that leads to sustainable development unlike SEA which was previously described (Lee Kirkpatrick, 2000). The Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act (2004) and European Directive EC/2001/42 require both SA and SEA processes to be performed in any planning (Smith Sheate 2001). It is also requires by the Environmental Assessment Regulations for Plans and Programmes in UK (Smith Sheate 2001). In table 2, comparison of SA and SEA in terms of UK planning system for Government PPs are being summarized. Table 2: Comparison between SA and SEA requirements within the UK planning system Requirements Strategic Environmental Assessment Sustainability Appraisals Overall aims The aim of SEA is to raise the profile of environmental considerations as part of an advocative approach during decision-making process (Kà ¸rnà ¸v Thissen, 2000). In contrast to SEA, it is use as a support process in decision-making and representing an integrated approach that working towards in all aspects of sustainable development. Therefore, the interests at stake are remained neutral during this process (Minas, 2002). Focus Environmental effects (Lee Kirkpatrick, 2000) A full range of environmental, social and economic issues (Minas, 2002). Environmental/ Sustainability aspects It involves 15 components which is suggested in the 1993 guidance with additional social and economic factors to be considered in 1999 guidance (Thà ©rivel, Minas, 2002). Aspects of biodiversity, human health, cultural factors, water, landscape, population and material assets are considered primarily (Thà ©rivel, Minas, 2002). Report requirements There are no formal requirements for SA. In good practice guidance, identification of scoping and impacts stages is recommended (Thà ©rivel, Minas, 2002). The 1999 guidance also recommends that planners should provide and evaluates alternatives. Environmental baseline conditions should be considered as well. It involved extensive requirements of Annex 1 which have previously discussed (Barth Fuder, 2002). Methodology According to DETR Guide, the appraisal should emphasize on strategic options, alternatives, and policy impact matrices in achieving sustainable development. Therefore, the methodological statement is very brief if compare to SEA (Minas, 2002). In contrast to SA, heavy emphasis is in place on actually baseline data which set as a benchmark to assess the alternatives performance. It is also requires authorities to consult the final environmental report from the public on the scope of the assessment (Thà ©rivel, Minas, 2002). Timing The process is being carried out very early where every stage of the development plan process is considered as an important element (Thà ©rivel, Minas, 2002). In contrast to SA, it is usually being carried out during the preparation of a plan before the submission to the legislative procedure (Thà ©rivel, Minas, 2002). Involvement The appraisals are subjected to consultation with outside groups such as public consultation during the plan preparation. The appraisal usually made available on the internet where it is being carried out sporadically (Thà ©rivel, Minas, 2002). It is not required to make available on the internet. The consultation can be done during scoping stage by specified environmental authorities. Opportunity has to be given to the public to comment the draft plan (Partidà ¡rio, 1996). Documentation required No formal requirements according to the guidance A statement need to be produced by an authority to summarize all the considerations of the plan have been integrated. They need to provide a report of consultees opinion which taken during the consultation process and valid reasons on why the alternatives are being chosen (Partidà ¡rio, 1996). 4. Success of SEA report in delivering sustainable development objectives A wide range of processes has been integrated with SEA report. It has shown to be a systematic process where accountable decision making can be achieve due to the earlier evaluating process being taken with strong alternative visions (Wood Dejeddour, 1992). All these have incorporated in SEA policy, planning and program initiatives (PPPs) to ensure sustainable development with full integration of economic, social and political considerations (Partidà ¡rio Clarke, 2000). Although SEA shows to be a great tool in project level but the process of SEA is not easily accepted or consider as an effective solution due to its complexity (Thà ©rivel Partidà ¡rio, 2000). Recent research has shown that SEA produces both great opportunities as well as failures in sustainable development (Sadler, 1998). 4.1. Sustainability objectives are included in the integrated process of policy making and planning During the design stage of SEA, objectives of sustainability are being considered which provides a greater plan and policy in decision making (Thompson et al., 1995). It gradually delivers its objectives of sustainable development because the use of SEA articulates sustainability goals by enhancing the political action where substantive action can be taken (Partidà ¡rio, 1996). As the expectation of internal and external public of its delivery increasing, it offers the possibility of bringing better policy towards sustainable development into success. The transition of SEA involved two main steps: Information gathering and analysis work The core of strategic decision making Sustainable development consideration is being covered in a broader range where strategic level matters are separated from advisory conventionally-focused (Pezzoli, 1997). Sustainability criteria are used as the key bases to help in strategic decision making on the selection among best options available (Pezzoli, 1997). With these steps being taken, larger context of core policies and programmes in strategic assessment are identified in pursuing the objectives of national sustainability. Therefore, SEA report may be an important instrument in promoting sustainable development when it is fully integrated (Partidà ¡rio, 1996). 4.2. Operationalises sustainability principles In practical application, the concept of sustainability is very difficult because it faces high complexity and uncertain reality (Pezzoli, 1997). Interconnected generational boundaries and disciplinary of sustainability may further complicates the concept (Marsden, 1998). Therefore, the application of specific context of sustainability and commonly recognized principles are being clarified by SEA. SEA identified three key principle of sustainability: Integrated pursuit of ecological and socio-economic improvements Uncertainty imposes precautionary obligations Public choices involved SEA is a visible confirmation of commitment to sustainability as it offers broader exposure to notions such as natural capital and the precautionary principle (Pezzoli, 1997). Therefore, it can be translated into the language of politics of sustainability and functions as a heuristic device (Thà ©rivel et al., 1992). 4.3. Improves analysis of broad public purposes and alternatives With alternative technologies, lifestyle choices and better resources, SEA offers better possibility in achieving sustainable development because it has the capability to contemplating these factors that cannot be address at lower levels (Wood Dejeddour, 1992). Therefore, SEA report is the most effective and efficient point in finding alternatives and addressing the needs in pursuing the objectives of sustainability development (Thà ©rivel et al., 1992). 4.4. Facilitates proper attention to cumulative effects Strategic level proves to be the best way to deal with increasing number of cumulative impacts. The scope of SEA helps to identifying these impacts because of its space scales (Ortolano Shepherd, 1995; Scott, 1992). As SEA is performed in an early stage, this assessment allows assessors to provide more attention in a wider range of actions in a larger area. It allows them to provide a broader context of cumulative impacts in addressing each of the impacts (Thà ©rivel Partidà ¡rio 1996). According to Thà ©rivel Partidà ¡rio, undesirable activities as a results of a project can be removed before the project stage begins because these cumulative impacts have influence the project decision where SEA has incorporated environmental issues intrinsically during the planning stage. Earlier detection of these impacts helps to promote sustainable development. 4.5. Facilitates greater transparency and more effective public participation at the strategic level With the extensive involvement of public participation in SEA, it has improved the credibility and accountability of SEA in sustainability where they facilitating external scrutiny of decision (Wood Dejeddour, 1992). It creates increasing pressures in strategic decision making process to overcome bureaucratic fragmentation because in many jurisdictions, bureaucratic disorganisation and wastefulness in citizen has been declining. The expanding role of public provided in SEA allows an intrinsic connection between environmental sustainability and equity (George, 1999) to promote basic sustainability goals. 5. Conclusion There are many challenges ahead for SEA report. There are many difficulties in producing a good SEA report. Nevertheless, SEA report requirements did show success in achieving sustainable development goals. In order to ensure SEA report success, weaknesses and limitation needs to be considered and solution needed in order to overcome it. 6. References Barth, R. Fuder, A. (2002) Implementing Article 10 of the SEA Directive 2001/42/EC. Final Report : Freiburg, Darmstadt, Berlin. Brown, A L, and Thà ©rivel, R. (2000), â€Å"Principles to guide the development of strategic environmental assessment methodology†, Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal , 18(3), September, pages 183-189. Environment Agency (2004) SEA Good Practice Guidelines www.environment-agency.gov.uk/seaguidelines. Accessed on 27/01/10. European Parliament and Council of the European Union (2001) Directive 2001/42/EC on the assessment of the effects of certain plans and programmes on the environment Commission of the European Communities, Brussels. www.europa.eu.int/eur-lex/pri/en/oj/dat/2001/l_197/l_19720010721en00300037.pdf European Commission (2009) Study concerning the report on the application and

Is There A Political Glass Ceiling? Essay

The author makes explicit points to support the argument presented that there is a political glass ceiling for women in politics.   The author makes this conclusion based on statistical data and historical research from geographical political data. The underlying premise behind the glass ceiling for women’s struggle in the political arena rests in cultural stigmas throughout the sociocultural micosocieties that comprise the nation.   This is proven, as women are typically more likely to be elected among the more urban and educated regions.   There are vast stereotypes associated with gender roles scattered across the sociocultural microcosms of society.   Thus, is there indeed a glass ceiling?   The answer is ultimately no. Women are as capable and as career-oriented as men. Women are as successful as men.   Women are as competitive as men.   The author notes these facts.   The author also notes that what we are faced with in politics are women and men going face to face in competition, something we are not accustomed to in a male-dominated society.   However, women are not viewed in the same way consistently across our society.   Our society is composed of multiple heterogeneous microsocieties. There is not a glass ceiling because the main issue that is being dealt with when examining women in politics is sociocultural.   There is no glass ceiling for if there was indeed a glass ceiling the heights of women’s struggle in politics would not have come as far as it has today.   Years ago women were not even afforded the right to vote.   Now we have women serving in the Senate, House, and running for the Presidency among serving in other vast political capacities.   The real issue to be addressed in efforts to move women forward in the political arena is to strategically plan for a sociocultural revolution.   It has actually been evolving over time and is the reason women have made it to the place they have today in politi

Reaction Paper on Hidden Heads of Household

Alma Guardado Professor Turkon October 11, 2018 Reaction Paper on Hidden Heads of Household 1.Within Brazil, poor children are found in situations that they can't escape due to extreme poverty and globalization and even culture. Children are sometimes considered head of households, due to their parent's inability to contribute sufficient income, hence, they would be forced to assist. Like for instance, when a mother cannot work due to pregnancy or staying home to take care of the infants, children would be likely to work to replace their mother, â€Å"I realized that it was the littlest one who was getting the most money. So, I let them go alone, until today.† (Kenny, 1997, p.97) Due, to the low amount of employment available, families must move around frequently to available jobs, which most likely led them to overcrowded, violent favela nearby. Culture and politicians contribute into the factor that poor children within these situations, since children have the mindset that they are unskilled and must work in dirty conditions and politics would lie that they would help on â€Å"gas, light and water bills. However, they do not. They just wanted a vote. Children are forced upon their situation based on their family situation and poverty. 2.In Brazil, globalization and economy are global influences that foster child labor. Child labor was influence due to the increase of wealth, since it brought upon an increase of poverty and inequality. A global shift in production resulted into the growth of favelas, where more children were born into. In those horrible conditions they were forced to find a job at a young age to receive for in their plates every night. Also, due to the â€Å"increase of capital investment in factories† in Brazil â€Å"where the labor is cheap, labor laws are not enforced† brought upon more increase of children working there. Also, factory owners preferred children since they can pay them fewer wages. The increase of economy brought upon the desire of more workers to be able produce more goods. 3.As the author emphasizes how she will give details, and the problematic study will result into good results, I honest expected more. I felt it could be consider an exploitation method, but not a study that led to good result. Yes, it did help numerous programs to be formed, yet exploitation does the same. It did not impact the whole situation in a large extent, it pushed positively, but it did not force individuals to stop and wonder what they could do to change the problem. It does a good job, emphasizing the suffering young children are faced and provokes us readers to feel sympathy and heartache knowing what is happening to them. However, does not give valid results, since the programs are not enforced they are created, yet not pushed forward into action. The author herself can use the situation for her benefit for her research. There was no real solution for her study. 4.Global tourism is one of the issues that affect the lives of many children negatively and positively based on the description given in the book. Some children will arrive at 8 am at the tourist location, to beg for tourist for money, however, sometimes they frequently were only offered food, but the kids wanted money due to the easier way to split money among each other and be able to buy what they want with it and hang on to some. Another, positive aspect of tourism was that they brought employment to male children like guides, vendors and based on the satisfaction they might be able to gain extra money or food additionally from their fee for tours. But, for girls sometimes global tourism would be a negative aspect for them, since most of the time they could not have the same jobs as boys due to their physical appearance, hence, they would work in the sex industry. Sexual relationship with foreigners was in the hopes for young women, since it was a strategy for them to deal with poverty, and a desire for travel and material goods. Girls with low-esteem preferred foreigners to Brazilian men, since they thought they treated them better and believed in the hopes of opportunities would come around. In their perspective they believed they were happy since even if they lacked the formal education and financial safety net, they provided money to their family and felt some statues with their peers. The tourist industry brought exploitation of the poor children, however, at the same time brought hopes. 5.The author refers to â€Å"agent† they mean a representative of the whole community or household on their behalf. Specifically, the â€Å"agents† the author refers to is the children, since they are truly the spokesperson telling their own reality of the harsh situations they are facing. In fact, the children should be agents in crafting policies that affect their situation, since it directly affects them. They are the ones who are facing poverty, low wages and harsh conditions and sometimes even the responsibility to have to put money on the table for their family. A fourteen-year-old child should not have the responsibility to work and not be able to receive an education, so why shouldn't they be able to craft the policies that are affecting their own lives. It's not the politicians nor the high-income class or even the adults who are being directly affect, it's the children. They are the ones who are working and facing conditions that most individuals do not face at their age and no one really knows what goes on in their lives, since yes we can research about it, but it does not mean we face it every day like they do, so they should be ones who craft the certain policies rather than those viewing them â€Å"as sweet little victims.† 6. Globalization isn't a tool to eliminate child labor in Brazil or elsewhere. It may be able to increase the employment and even the earnings to poor households in developing countries. But, the more desire for export products led to an increase of demand for labor, however, not towards adults. Within factories, they would prefer children since they could pay them less for their labor. Also, their shortness was desirable, since â€Å"they could fit in small holes and under machines.† (Kenny, 1997, p.7) Adults would be unemployed, or those in Brazil will work along with their children in the mills or textile factories. Altogether, globalization brought a negative effect, since when Brazil created a minor code to restrict children into working only six hours, parents did not like the idea which didn't led to the enforcement, nor was there an elimination of child labor. Also, the global shift increased the growth of urban favelas, which led poverty becoming deeper in Brazil and those who most likely work in factories would live in poverty, due to their low income. Globalization brings a desire for interaction of economy and prosperity, with no consideration of how children are treated. There is a more focus on the products than those creating the products.Kenny, M. L. (1997). Hidden heads of households: Child labor in Northeast Brazil.